June 23rd, 2011

International Rate Of Exchange Money

... Money exchange, Transactions

Economics of International Trade and International Professional Marketing

Author: Darewin Ocampo

Economics of local trade is not necessarily the same as the economics of international trade. This is one reason why there exists international professional marketing. International professional marketing aims to synergize the different countries in which one firm is supplying a product or service.

Exchange Rate

The exchange rate (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. It is the value of a foreign nation’s currency in terms of the home nation’s currency.

Two Kinds of Exchange Rates

International professional marketing recognizes two general types of exchange rates.

1. Floating Exchange Rate – supply and demand for the currency of each country determine the exchange rates. Any change in supply or demand will cause a relevant fluctuation in the currencies purchasing power, and thus its exchange rate. For instance, all other things being equal, if the U.S. exports more from Japan than it imports there, there will be more demand for U.S. dollars (they are desired for purchasing goods) and less demand for Japanese yen—thus, the price of the dollars, in yen, will increase, so you will get more yen for a dollar.

2. Fixed Exchange Rate – countries via mutual agreement utilize pegging to stabilize the exchange rate between their respective currencies. Pegging may be between one currency and another currency or one currency and a group of currencies. An example of pegged currency is that of Argentina, the Argentine currency is guaranteed as to value in dollars. Implementing a fixed exchange rate however, is much more complicated and difficult than that of a floating exchange rate. Making a currency too dependent on the value of another currency poses the biggest problem. To avoid such from happening, pegging on a composite of currencies or another standard of gold is the best solution. For example, the Argentine currency can have a pegged value of 0.25*U.S. dollar+4*Mexican peso+50*Japanese yen+0.2*German mark+0.1*British pound.

International professional marketing recognizes that the maintenance of fixed exchange rates is very difficult and there are times when a government is forced to buy or sell currency on the open market to prevent currencies from going beyond the accepted exchange rate range. Having a big hindrance to market forces becomes the price for stability and predictability. For instance, if a currency is made artificially low by pegging, a country will eventually export too much and import too little to influence the value of the currency.

Trade Balances and Exchange Rates

International professional marketing states that less demand for a currency of a country that is at the brink of falling into a trade deficit will eventually experience a declining value over time whenever exchange rates are allowed to freely fluctuate. The lower exchange rate however, will make exports easier as the lower equivalent price will sure attract more foreign buyers. Import on the other hand will become less desirable.

Measuring Country Wealth

International professional marketing considers two acceptable means of measuring country wealth, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Product (GNP). The nominal per capita GDP pertains to the value of products and services of each person in a country if such value in local currency was to be exchanged into another currency, which is generally the US dollar. We can say, for example, the per capita GDP of Japan is 5,000,000 yen and the current yen-dollar exchange rate is 100 yen for every dollar, the per capita GDP is then (5,000,000/100)=,000. It is to be noted however that the said ,000 will be able to buy less in Japan because food and housing will in effect be much more expensive there than in the US.

International professional marketing then developed the purchase parity adjusted per capita GDP that reflects what the nominal per capita GDP can actually buy in the home country. This is usually based on the relative value of a weighted “composite” of goods in a country (e.g., 35% of the cost of housing, 40% the cost of food, and 10% the cost of clothing, and 15% cost of other items).  If it is determined that the cost of living in Japan is 40% higher than that in the United States, the purchase parity adjusted GDP will then be measured at (,000/(140%) = 714.

(The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are almost the same figures.  The GDP includes all income earned by people in a particular country regardless of citizenship, and ignores income earned by citizens who are overseas while the GNP includes all income earned by citizens of a certain country regardless of location, and ignores income earned by foreigners even if they are earned within the country. GNP was once the more widely used measurement method, but nowadays, GDP is more commonly used.

Purchasing Power Parity

Purchase power parity is generally more efficient when it comes to measuring the value of products and services which are produced or generated in the country of purchase, at local cost. Gross domestic product on the other hand is more applicable in the determination of the local consumer’s ability to purchase imported products and services. For example, the capacity of Argentineans to buy micro computer chips, which are produced mostly in the U.S. and Japan, is better predicted by nominal income, while the capability to purchase toothpaste made by a U.S. firm in a factory in Argentina is better predicted by purchase parity adjusted income.

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/outsourcing-articles/economics-of-international-trade-and-international-professional-marketing-1293855.html

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I am who I am..

Tom Green

2-GetCash



June 22nd, 2011

Foreign Exchange Risk Exposure Definition

... exchange rates can mean risk

What Is Foreign Currency Hedging - Two Ways To Hedge The Falling Dollar

Author: Forex Expert

What Is Foreign Currency Hedging

With the dollar getting weaker every day, prudent investors need to take action to hedge their exposure to the ailing greenback. I'm not suggesting you dump all your stocks and buy gold and wheat futures, but the trend is too strong to ignore. Here are two simple ways to hedge your bets. What Is Foreign Currency Hedging

Invest In Foreign Stock Mutual Funds

Probably the easiest way to hedge against the falling dollar is to invest in foreign stock mutual funds. Most foreign stock funds are unhedged, meaning they own stocks directly on foreign exchanges denominated in foreign currencies. If the dollar falls relative to those other currencies, you gain even if the underlying stocks themselves don't budge.

Just as I recommend index funds for your US stock exposure, I also highly recommend them for your international stock allocation. Like their domestic counterparts, foreign stock index funds offer rock-bottom expenses, tax efficiency, and higher over-all returns than their actively-managed brethren. You should consider investing anywhere from 25% to 50% of your over-all stock allocation to foreign stocks to hedge your dollar exposure as well as achieve the more obvious diversification benefits. What Is Foreign Currency Hedging

Lend Money To Foreign Governments

Those of you who want foreign currency exposure without taking on the additional risk inherent with all equity invests should consider investing in foreign government bond funds. Developed market governments such as Australia, Japan, or the UK are excellent credit risks and often offer attractive rates on government issues in their respective currencies. If the dollar declines, you get both the promised interest payments and a currency boost. If the dollar rallies, you still get the interest payment to soften the blow. Many foreign bond funds hedge their currency exposure so it's important to find an unhedged fund if currency diversification is your goal. When in doubt, check the prospectus. One reasonably-priced unhedged foreign bond fund I recommend is the T Rowe Price International Bond Fund (RPIBX). You might consider investing anywhere from 10% to 30% of your bond allocation to foreign bonds to achieve adequate diversification. What Is Foreign Currency Hedging

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/what-is-foreign-currency-hedging-two-ways-to-hedge-the-falling-dollar-2764124.html

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June 22nd, 2011

List Of World Currencies Names

IDEX Online News - Bidz Buys ...

Forex Brokers List - The Benefits of Utilizing Forex Broker Reviews to Find the Best Broker

Author: Forex Trading Advisor

Forex Brokers List

One of the biggest most reliable places a forex investor can aggregate tips about forex brokers is forex broker reviews. Since the broker-investor is a long lasting relationship, it is actually important the present the investor collect as much hints about the broker properties are eyeing before constructing a closing decision to partner with them. Forex Brokers List

Forex broker reviews are available all over the web and can over very top notch information the can improve the ability of a forex trader obtain a sector decision based on other people's experiences and thoughts. There are very many reviews dotted all over the internet, so an investor has absolutely no reason to make a decision they will regret. At first when a trader decides to dive into forex trade, they will collect a large number of possible brokers to partner with, even before checking them out in reviews. Forex Brokers List

The long list of suggestions and names from advertisements and proposals can then be cut to top ten or top three by forex broker reviews. When using forex broker reviews to gather information about brokers, it is vital to bear in mind exactly what you are looking for. If you are seeking to cut down the number of brokers in your list, you may consider using the broker reviews to find tainting information about brokers then slash them out. Alternatively, use the broker reviews to get the best aspects or characteristics of brokers and make a sound decision based on the good characteristics of the broker. Forex Brokers List

A good business person should invest a lot of time and resources where necessary to ensure that they make concrete foundation decisions. Using reviews, a forex investor can get the best currency broker in the market to assist the business achieve its goals. Here are some of the characteristics of a good forex broker that can be deduced from forex broker reviews: Forex Brokers List

* A good currency broker should have a reliable track record. The forex broker reviews writers or user comments should have positive points to support this.

* Market grasp - Any business person prefers dealing with a partner who knows the market inside out. This can be shown by the areas of influence listed in the broker's brochure, website or forex broker reviews.

* The best broker to partner with is one whose knowledge in economics and its current trends are known, even to the professionals who write the forex broker reviews. This will mean that investors can be advised accordingly based on unbiased observation from the professionals. Forex Brokers List

* Lastly, a forex trader should determine from the reviews whether a broker's system is compatible to them or not. Most reviews should list such detailed information for the benefit of the investors. Stop what you are doing RIGHT NOW and get your Life Changing Forex Brokers List Program. It'll change your Life Forever!

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/forex-brokers-list-the-benefits-of-utilizing-forex-broker-reviews-to-find-the-best-broker-1764749.html

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June 21st, 2011

Managing Foreign Exchange Risk Exposure

Managing Exchange Rate Risk

Managing that risk During Forex Trading!

Author: stevenz zed

Managing your risks while trading is utmost important. It does sound like a dictum, but is worth listening to if you are a forex trader! Risk management is varied ideas combined that control your trading risk. Managing risk, in simple terms would mean avoiding any such activities or trades that will lead to you to losses. But then the wise ask why to choose forex trading if you do not afford to be a risk taker! You can be both with calculated steps. Few steps that come handy where risk management is concerned are limiting your trade size, investing in portions investing virtual money in demo accounts initially and knowledge of the peak hours, i.e. when is the right time to invest.

The key in forex trading is to take big risks and look for bigger profits. But this is true and applicable when dealing with virtual money on demo accounts. When real money has to be used, even risk takers back out at times. There has to be an understanding of risk and an understanding that high amount of risks arise from the leverage that the forex market provides. The market undoubtedly helps you earn huge profits but it may lead you to similar amount of losses too if risks are not managed accurately and at the right time.

A forex trader must know that risks can be managed by knowing the amount of exposure that is there. Also if the margin is kept to the minimum, it proves as a helpful risk management strategy. And the knowledge of where risks can be taken and what amount of margin can be given to certain markets is another tool that will lead to reduced risks for the trader.

Risks are complementary with the job of a forex trader thus to know exactly how to manage your risks for those larger profits is very essential. Controlling losses is one form of risk management. A forex trader needs to know when to set stop loss. Another form is controlling the size of your lot. Use of reduced lot size is a good thing and helps control risk. It will not help a forex trader to open many lots.

When you are keeping your risks under control, you are managing them well. This leads to more flexibility and more opportunities. While a trader is managing risks, he/she needs to be aware of the opportunities that come up and efficient enough in using them appropriately. Thus, understanding your risk and knowing the psychological level of acceptable risk is important to protect you account.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/software-articles/managing-that-risk-during-forex-trading-988903.html

About the Author

forex trading requires you to be a risk taker. And with online forex trading coming up you need to be an expert in forex trading software. Online agencies provide you with forex software reviews which come handy.



June 20th, 2011

Measuring Foreign Exchange Risk Exposure

... FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK

Risk Management In Banking Companies

Author: Shelly Kaundal

RISK MANAGEMENT IN BANKING COMPANIES

Risk Management in bank operations includes risk identification, measurement and assessment, and its objective is to minimise negative effects risks can have on the financial result and capital of the bank. Banks are required to form a special organisational unit for the purpose of risk management. The risk to which the bank is particularly exposed in its operations are market risk(interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk, risk from change in market price of securities, financial derivatives and commodities), credit risk, liquidity risk, exposure risk, investment risk, operational risk, legal risk, strategic risk. These risks are highly inter-independent. Events that affect one area of risk can have ramifications for a range of other risk categories.

CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT

Credit risk is defined as the potential that a bank borrower or counter party will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. The goal of credit risk management is to maximise the bank’s risk-adjusted rate of return by maintaining credit risk exposure within acceptable parameters. Banks need to manage the credit risk inherit in the entire portfolio as well as the risk in individual or credits or transactions.

For most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk; however, other sources of credit risk exist throughout the activities of the bank, including in the banking book and the trading book and both on and off the balance sheet. Banks are increasingly facing credit risk (or counter party risk) in various financial instruments other than loans including acceptances, inter bank transactions, trade financing, foreign exchange transactions, financial future, swaps, bonds, equities, options and in the extension of commitments and guarantees, the settlement of transactions.

BASAL II ON CREDIT RISK

The basal community on banking supervisionrelease a consultative document on New Capital Adequacy Framework with the view to replacing 1988 Accord. The document proposes three pillars for the new accord-

1. Minimum Capital Requirements, 2.Supervisory review 3.Market discipline

A new accord continues with the minimum capital adequacy ratio of 8% of risk waited assets. Arrange of options to estimate capital as proposed in the document include a standardised approach. Under this approach, preferential risk weights in the range of 0%, 20%, 50%, 100%, and 150% are envisaged to be assigned on the basis of external credit assessments. Under foundation Internal Rating Based (IRB), community proposes certain minimum compliance.wiz.a comprehensive credit rating system with capability to quantify Probability of Default (PD) while assigning preferential risk weights, with the information supplied by national supervisor on loss given default (LGD) an exposure at default. Adoption a New Capital Accord by banks in the proposed state requires complete change in the existing risk management systems.

MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT

Banks are exposed to market risk via their trading activities and their balance sheets. Two types of risks are considered the market risks for the bank such as interest rate risk and foreign exchange risk. Banks face the foreign exchange risk due to exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate is the most common risk all the banks manage because all the financial products issued by bank are interest rate sensitive.

1. INTEREST RATE RISK

Interest Rate Risk is a risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by changes in interest rate. The overarching objective of the interest rate risk management is to ensure a cash flow mechanism that is devoid of major mismatches in both assets and liability segments. As financial intermediaries, banks encounter interest rate risk in several ways such as-

Re-Pricing Risk: The primary form of interest rate risk rises from timing differences in the maturity(for fixed rate) and re-pricing(for floating rate) of assets, liabilities off-balance-sheet(OBS)positions. They can expose a banks “income and assets” underlying economic value of unanticipated fluctuations as interest rate tends to be too frequent and volatile.

Yield Curve Risk: Re-Pricing mismatches can also expose a bank to change in slope and shape of the yield curve. Yield curve risk arises when unanticipated shifts of the yield curve have adverse on bank’s income or economic value of their asset porfolio.

Basic Risk: The risk that the interest rate for different assets and liabilities may change in different magnitudes is called basic risk. Such risk arises due to imperfect correlation in the adjustment of the rates earned and paid on different instruments with other wise similar re-pricing characteristics.

Embedded option Risk: An option provides the holder the right (but not the obligation) to buy, sell or in some manner alter the cash flow of the instrument or financial contract. Options may be stand alone instruments such as exchange –trade options and over- the-counter (OTC) contracts, or they may be embedded within otherwise standard instruments. While banks use exchange-trade and OTC-options in both trading and non-trading accounts, instruments with embedded options are generally most important in non-trading activities.

Re-investment Risk: uncertainty about future interest rate gives rise to re-investment risk as future cash flow will be re-invested at a rate unknown at present. Ordinary yield curve, without bootstrapping, does not take into account the re-investment risk.

OPERATIONAL RISK

It isone of the new planks of the Basel-II capital accord. Operational risk is defined as ‘the risk of the loss resulting adequate or failed internal processes, people and system or from external events.’ This definition includes legal risk, but excludes strategic risk and reputational risk. On the other hand, the Reserve bank of India has defined operational risk, as ‘any risk, which is not categorised as market or credit risk, or the risk of loss arising from various type of human and technical errors’.

Sources of operational risk

(i)                 Wrong /delayed decision and lack of accountability, control and proper auditing ,

(ii)               Inadequate MIS ,

(iii)             Incompetency of staff and lack of proper training and job rotation,

(iv)             Lack of succession planning and development of second lines,

(v)               Lack of contingency planning,

(vi)             Non compliance with circulars, policies and regulatory requirement,

(vii)           Obsolete policies,

(viii)         Involvement of the staff in the fraud and forgeries,

(ix)              Failure of electronic instruments ,like computer systems, software and telecommunication equipment,

(x)                Legal flaws in execution of security documents for advances

(xi)              Deterioration of bank image due to poor services,  staff behaviour, frauds, high NPAs, etc

At present, banks account for their losses due to operational risk by debiting it to their P&L account without allocating any capital charge for it, unlike in case of credit and market risk. Under Basel-II, operational risk needs to be assessed separately from three approaches namely (1) Basic Indicator Approach, (2) Standar5dised Approach and (3) Internal Management Approach. Under Basel-II framework of operational risk management, banks are encouraged to move along the spectrum of available approaches as they develop more sophisticated operational risk management system and practices.

LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT

Liquidity risk is the potential inability to meet the banker’s liability as they become due. It arises when banks are unable to generate cash to meet fund withdrawal, commitment credit or increase in assets. It originates from the mismatches pattern of assets and liabilities. Measuring and managing liquidity needs are vital for effective operations of commercial banks the cause and effect of liquidity risk are primarily linked to the assets and liabilities of the bank. The bank should continuously monitor its liquidity position in a long run and also on a day- to day basis. There are two approaches that relates these two situational analysis such as (1) Fundamental Approach and(2) Technical Approach .

Fundamental Approach: This approach is used in the long run. In this approach the banks try to manage the liquidity risk by controlling its assets –liability positions. A prudent way to tackling this situation could be by adjusting the maturity of assets and liabilities or by diversifying and broadening the sources of the funds.

Technical Approach: This approach focuses on the liability position of the bank in the short run. Liquidity in the short run is primarily linked to the cash flow arising due to the operational transaction. The bank should know its cash requirements and the cash inflows and adjust these two to ensure safe level for its liquidity position.

The Risk Management scenario will strengthen owing to the liberalization, regulation and integration with global markets. Management of risks will be carried out proactively and quality of credit will improve, leading to a stronger financial sector. The future will see a structural change in the banking sector marked by consolidation and a shake-out within the sector. The smaller banks would not have sufficient resources to withstand the intense competition of the sector. Banks would evolve to be a complete and pure financial services provider, catering to all the financial needs of the economy. Flow of capital will increase and setting up of bases in foreign countries will become commonplace.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/management-articles/risk-management-in-banking-companies-1838565.html

About the Author

Shelly kaundal

Student: Symbiosis Law School,Pune


June 20th, 2011

Currency Conversion Table In Sap

result tables affected by ...

SAP Data Migration - Migrating Fixed Assets

Author: Harlex

1      Overview

1.1    Introduction

This document is intended as a user guide in how overcome the common problems in migrating fixed assets into SAP.

For a one-time conversion into SAP, we favour using the LSMW tool. It allows you to leverage the full power of ABAP while using standard SAP processing functions, yet it does a lot of the file management and processing work automatically. However, even within LSMW there are a number of possible methods for migrating fixed assets.

This document will discuss loading fixed assets using the standard load program RAALTD01, although two alternatives are briefly discussed below.

1.2    Load methods

1.2.1    BDC recording of transaction AS91

This is the simplest solution and so it might be suitable for a very basic upload. If for example you are not creating fixed assets in SAP, but rather updating one field in fixed assets which already exist in the system, then this might be the right approach. But it is not flexible enough to be used for the creation of fixed asset data.

1.2.2    Business object BUS1022

This would create IDOCs of type FIXEDASSET_CREATEINCLVALUES01 and process them through the SAP BAPI function BAPI_FIXEDASSET_OVRTAKE_CREATE.

This is possibly the solution that SAP would recommend. SAP is keen on BAPIs as they are powerful, flexible and can be easily called from an external system via an RFC. But that does not necessarily make them the right choice for data migration. The structure of BAPIs is not always particularly intuitive and the upfront development work can be complicated.

Also this method involves the processing of IDOCs. While the standard error handling and reprocessing functionality for IDOCs in SAP is impressive, it is not always transparent. Migrating fixed assets using this method would be suitable for someone who is particularly strong in the area of BAPIs and IDOCs..

1.2.3    Standard load program RAALTD01

This is generally the approach I would favour for the migration of fixed assets into SAP.

The standard load program is not perfect. As discussed later, there are one or two areas which it does not cover and like many SAP standard programs, it has its quirks: for example, when you come to load the assets, you do not have the option to create a BDC session yet if any of the transaction calls fail, then the program will create a BDC session for those records.

Nevertheless, it is a powerful and flexible program, and it is relatively simple to use. The fact that you can run the asset load in test mode before creating any data is also a major advantage, even though the test run does not always pick up 100% of the errors.

1.3    Assumptions

This document assumes a working knowledge of LSMW, and at least some basic understanding of the structure of fixed assets data in SAP.


2      The Basics

2.1    Data structures

There are two data structures in the asset load program RAALTD01 – BALTD and BALTB.

2.1.1    BALTD

This structure is mandatory and contains all the basic fixed asset master data.

2.1.2    BALTB

This structure is for what are known as asset transactions. The two common scenarios in which this structure needs to be populated are:

a) An asset was capitalised after the start of the current financial year (the current financial year being the year in which you are going to migrate these assets into SAP), or

b) An asset was disposed of in the current financial year

2.2    Important fields

Key fields:

Asset number
Asset subnumber
Company code
Asset class
Legacy asset main number
Legacy asset sub number
SAP transaction
Record type

Master Data:

Capitalisation date
Description
Additional description
Location
Plant
Cost centre
Vendor
Inventory number
Vendor name
Original Vendor Number

Depreciation Data (multiple records per asset):

Depreciation area
Planned useful life (years)
Planned useful life (months)
Depreciation key
Depreciation start date
Gross book value
Accumulated depreciation
Ord dep posted

Transactions:

Number of transactions
Company code
Asset class
Legacy asset main number
Legacy asset sub number
SAP transaction
Transaction date
Record type
Transaction type
Amount

2.3    Modifying the standard asset structure

It is possible (and sanctioned by SAP) to modify SAP structures BALTD and BALTB. You only need to modify BALTB if you have added extra depreciation areas to BALTD.

You will of course need an object key to do so, but as long as the fields you are adding are active in transactions AS91, AS92, etc, then this is the only change you will need to make. RAALTD01 will do the rest.

Common reasons for modifying BALTD might be to remove to increase the number of investment keys (default setting is 2) or the number of depreciation areas (default setting is 8). See more on the depreciation areas below.

There is more information in SAP OSS note 23716.


3      Common Problems

3.1    Alpha conversion

As RAALTD01 is very closely linked with the direct upload program RAALTD11, it retains some of the features of a direct upload program. One of these is that it checks during upload whether key data referenced in the asset exists in SAP. It does this without making any alpha conversion.

So, if you are creating an asset with asset class (field ANLKL) ‘100’, you must specify this in the LSMW mapping in its internal SAP format, ie. ‘00000100’. The same goes for cost centres, vendors, etc.

3.2    Legacy asset number

It is crucial when migrating data into SAP to store a reference to the legacy data key.

It is important for business reasons – so that a user can easily see the link between their old data and the new – but it is also important for technical reasons. This is obvious for certain objects like vendors and customers where you need to store the link in order to be able to migrate follow-on transactional data like AR and AP. But it is also useful for assets.

It is very helpful in the test stages of a data migration to be able to run and rerun your load program without fear of loading duplicate information. By storing the legacy asset number somewhere in the asset master, you can easily check with some ABAP code in your LSMW whether this legacy asset has already been created in table ANLA.

The most common field for storing the legacy number is AIBN1 (Original Asset Number) but do not put your legacy number here without checking. This field was intended to be used for the original asset number in SAP after an it has been transferred to a new number.

If using AIBN1 is going to be a problem, another option is ANLH-ANLHTXT. This is a text field which is often unused.

One red herring in the load program is OLDN1 (Old asset number). This field exists in the load structures but not in the database tables. It is only used in the processing of the load program. See further information on this field below in ‘Other quirks’.

If you find that AIBN1 and ANLHTXT are not appearing in the AS91 screens, you can change the screen layouts in customising:

Financial Accounting > Asset Accounting > Master Data > Screen Layout > Define Screen Layout for Asset Master Data

3.3    Missing customising

Before running your test and live asset migrations, please check that the following customising is in place. For some reason, these steps are often overlooked by the FI-CO functional consultants:

Transfer date – this should be set to close to the date you migrate the assets. As AS91 is specifically for data migration, it expects that the capitalisation date for all the assets you migrate will be before the transfer date. Check this in table T093C.

Current fiscal year – also in T093C, check that this has been correctly set.

Number ranges – transaction SNUM.

3.4    NBV - Net book value

It is not possible to directly migrate the net book value of an asset. You must migrate the gross book value (acquisition cost) and the accumulated depreciation. SAP will then calculate the NBV.

3.5    Time-dependent data

Some of the asset data is time-dependend, ie. you can see the history of these fields. Example fields are cost centre, plant, internal order, location and business area. They are all stored in table ANLZ. The standard SAP load programs can only handle the current values of these fields. You cannot migrate multiple ANLZ records per asset.

If you need to do this, you should first create your assets using RAALTD01 and load the initial values of these fields. Then create another LSMW program using an AS92 recording to upload any changes.

3.6    Mid-year asset migration

In their financial statements, companies must disclose the following:

  • Depreciation methods used,
  • Depreciation methods used and/or the useful economic lives
  • Deprecation charged in the current fiscal year
  • Gross amount of depreciable assets and the related total accumulated depreciation

As a result, if you are migrating assets midway through a fiscal year you have to split the depreciation to date into two amounts: depreciation up to the end of the previous fiscal year, and depreciation during the current fiscal year.

One way of doing this is in your LSMW code: in the Takeover Values screen, enter the depreciation amount up to the end of the previous year into the field Accumulated Depreciation (BALTD-KNAFAnn) and the amount of depreciation in the current year into the field Ordinary Depreciation Posted (BALTD-NAFAGnn). This is generally the most popular method.

The second way is to transfer the assets as at the end of the previous fiscal year and then run depreciation in SAP for all months in the current year. This involves more work for the functional consultants.

3.7    Assets created in this year

You also have to distinguish in SAP between assets created in previous years and assets created in the current year. Your capitalisation in the current year needs to be identified as a transaction.

In this situation you will need to post both a BALTD record and a BALTB record.

Your posting will differ from the standard asset creation in the following ways:

  • BALTD-BWCNT needs to be populated with ‘0001’ (assuming you are only posting one transaction)
  • You need to map the acquisition value into BALTB-ANBTRnn with transaction type ‘100’ instead of mapping it as normal to BALTD-KANSWnn
  • BALTD-KNAFAnn does not need to be populated
  • BALTD-NAFAGnn should be populated with the depreciation amount
  • BALTB-BZDAT should be populated with the capitalisation date

3.8    Asset disposals

Disposals in the current fiscal year must also be identified as transactions.

In this situation you will need to post both a BALTD record and a BALTB record.

Your posting will differ from the standard asset creation in the following ways:

  • BALTD-BWCNT needs to be populated with ‘0001’ (assuming you are only posting one transaction)
  • You need to map the disposal value into BALTB-ANBTRnn with transaction type ‘200’
  • BALTB-BZDAT should be populated with the date of disposal

3.9    Depreciation areas

When creating fixed assets in SAP you will often populate multiple depreciation areas. Common depreciation areas set up in SAP might be Local Depreciation, Group Depreciation (if your company is international) and Tax. The depreciation rules for each of these might be slightly different, therefore you will create one depreciation area for each.

Rarely, you might need more than the 8 depreciation areas provided as a default by SAP in structure BALTD and BALTB. I have only ever experienced this once while loading fixed assets in Italy. It was necessary due to the multiple currency devaluations that the Italian lira had undergone over the past thirty years or so.

This can be handled by modifying the standard structures BALTD and BALTB. See information on this above in the section ‘Modifying the standard asset structure’.

3.10Other quirks

3.10.1 Invalid characters

You may not put the hash character # in any of the BALTB or BALTD fields.

3.10.2 Long texts

The standard upload program does not handle long texts. These would need to be loaded in a separate program. But this situation occurs rarely.

3.10.3 'Unexpected record type found'

This error occurs if you enter the wrong record type in the two RCTYP fields. It should be ‘A’ in BALTD and ‘B’ in BALTB.

However, it you are sure that you do not have this problem and you are still getting the error, check that all of the master data you have referenced exists. For example, are all of your cost centre numbers valid. I have had this error in the past when migrating assets with transactions. The ‘real’ error of invalid data in your BALTD record is not given by SAP. It gives this error instead.

The conclusion: always validate your master data fields in LSMW when loading fixed assets. A set of user routines such as CHECK_KOSTL, CHECK_WERKS, CHECK_LIFNR, etc, can save you a lot of time.

3.10.4 Audit and Error report

The error reporting is dreadful in RAALTD01 if you do not populate the field BALTD-OLDN1. If you do not populate this field, the program will list any errors you have with the asset description only, which is not particularly helpful. So, always populate OLDN1 even if you are not migrating transactions.


4      Footnote

This guide should be viewed as a starting point for discussions and is not intended as an exhaustive examination of the various methods available. There will inevitably be circumstances specific to individual situations that cannot be covered here.

You can find more Harlex Guides on our website: http://www.harlex-ltd.com/downloads.html

For further information on the migration of fixed assets into SAP or indeed on any data conversion topic, please contact Harlex Consulting Services Ltd at:

info@harlex-ltd.com

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/information-technology-articles/sap-data-migration-migrating-fixed-assets-1280334.html

About the Author

Harlex Consulting Services are specialists in SAP Data Migration.

http://www.harlex-ltd.com


June 20th, 2011

Eur Usd Long Term Chart

OANDA FXMessage Forex Forum ...

Forex Help Eur Usd - EUR Fundamentals Indicate a Massive Devaluation

Author: Forex Advisor

Forex Help Eur Usd

European Monetary Union (EMU) seems to be in trouble with the heavy debt crisis precipitated by Greece. It seems that a policy decision has been taken by the European Central Bank (ECB) to use the devaluation of EUR as a means to fight the debt crisis and make the EMU survive.

What this means is the European Union (EU) wants to keep the EMU and the EUR intact at all costs. This cost will come in the shape of buying the massive government debt of the weak economies in the EMU by printing a lot of money. This increased money supply will naturally lead to the massive devaluation of the EUR and inflation in the EMU in the medium term.

This was evident from the recent ECB press conference in which the ECB president said the Greek default was out of question. Another indication of the expected EUR devaluation is the fact that recently the Swiss National Bank (SNB) stopped buying EUR as an intervention tactic to strengthen Swiss Franc. This indicates that the SNB is anticipating a devaluation of EUR. Forex Help Eur Usd

Now, as the fundamentals are showing a expected devaluation of EUR in the short to medium term, wealthy investors will start shifting their wealth into US Dollars (USD) as a safe haven and capital will start flowing towards the US.This see saw flow of the capital between the US and the Euro Zone keeps on taking place as wealthy investors keep on shifting their wealth in search of the safe haven.

As a position trader, this fundamental picture of the EURO means is that this is the best time to go long on USD and short on EUR. Currency options is one of the ways to profit from this devaluation in EUR and expected strengthening of USD. This is exactly what George Soros had done in early 1990s when he sensed that the British economy was weak to pull along within the EMU.

So he heavily went long on the German Mark and short on British Pound (GBP) using currency options. His gamble went well when the Bank of England could not sustain the overvalued GBP and had to float it free in the market. Currency options is one of the best ways to profit from the trend.

Another way to profit is to invest in a Currency ETF that tracks the EUR. Currency ETFs are also a great vehicle to diversify your investment portfolio. Of course, you can also swing trade EUR/USD pair. Forex Help Eur Usd

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/forex-help-eur-usd-eur-fundamentals-indicate-a-massive-devaluation-2672928.html

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June 20th, 2011

Abc Foreign Money Exchange Inc

... FOREIGN EXCHANGE Money

Aggressive Or Conservative: What's Your Trading Style?

Author: Max Day

When it comes to trading, two adjectives are used more frequently than others to describe traders' various styles: Aggressive and conservative. We're here to tell you that in a perfect world, you'll find a way to marry both of these styles to boost your chances of success. After all, the most seasoned trading veterans will tell you the best aggressive traders know when to be conservative and the best conservative traders know when to increase their risk and get aggressive. There's nothing wrong with either style, so let's highlight some of the things you need to know about risk as it pertains to trading.

No Need To Always Hit A Home Run

One of the biggest mistakes new traders make is always attempting to make the next trade the trade of a lifetime. They risk a fair amount of their account balance on a single trade hoping this will be the trade that delivers a new Ferrari or vacation home in Hawaii. This is absolutely the wrong way to approach trading. Over the course of your trading, you are going to encounter trades that, in baseball terms, are just singles. They're winners, but there was no signal to back up the bus and risk more than usual on that particular trade.

There's nothing wrong with trades like that and if the maximum number of shares you can trade per position is 1,000, having some winners with 500 or 600 shares is fine. Remember that even the best home run hitters also strike out a lot and just as a strikeout definitely isn't good in baseball, it can be detrimental in trading as well. In other words, hitting some singles and doubles is what's going to keep you in the game and position your account to allow you to eventually swing for the fences.

Know Your Risk Before You Trade

The key to being a solid, conservative trader, not an overly reckless, aggressive trader, is knowing your risk BEFORE you put the trade on. Aggressive traders that lack discipline will throw the same share size or dollar amount at every trade with no thought to the consequences. The conservative trader says “I've got ,000 in my account, therefore I'm willing to accept a loss of two percent or less on this next trade.” Other conservative traders may set a stop loss order for 10 cents (or another arbitrary amount) and if their stop gets taken out, they're fine with that because they didn't lose a lot of money.

What we're saying here is being conservative pays dividends in the long run. You're going to have losers. It's just a fact of life, but by keeping your losses small, you keep more ammunition around to get aggressive later.

When Do You Get Aggressive?

This isn't an easy question to answer, especially for traders that are conservative by nature, but a starting point may be after you've been trading for a few months and you've noticed your conservative model has helped you pad your account. You now have some confidence and some cushioning to absorb a large loss and you want to try to milk a trade for more money than you have previously.

So what do you look for? Make sure the indicators you use are confirming the emergence of a strong trend. If you're going to increase your risk, you want to be on the right side of the trend. For example, let's say you're trading stocks and the market has been up all day. There's about two hours left in the trading day and you've been watching ABC Inc. inch its way up all day. The sellers have been weak and then you see a fresh wave of buying come along with increased volume. This is an ideal setup for you to put on aggressive long trade. The stock is strong, the market's strong and the odds are on your side. This would be a “smart-aggressive” play.

Lean Toward Conservative, At Least To Start

Getting aggressive is about gaining experience and comfort in your chosen asset class. No, you don't want to be so conservative that you're cutting good trades short, but you don't want to be so aggressive that every trade has you walking on eggshells either. That's the great thing about experience. The more you have, the better you'll understand when to swing for the fences and when to just try to get on base.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/day-trading-articles/aggressive-or-conservative-whats-your-trading-style-1595071.html

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June 19th, 2011

Currency Converter Usd To Inr

Majesctic Homes - Browse ...

Currency Trading Tips

Author: Allan

Currency trading happens for two basic reasons. The first, most simple reason is because a Mr. X from the United States wants to go for a holiday in Australia. But he fears that the US dollar might not be as easily accepted in Australia, because it has its own currency, the Australian Dollar. So to be able to buy gifts for the rest of his family, he decides that he'd better convert the USD to ASD to avoid any problems. Simple enough.

But another Mr. Y decides to buy Australian Dollar, not because he's looking for a sojourn on the Gold Coast, but because they are available at rate which he believes will increase. Confused? Let me explain with the help of an example. Suppose today Mr Y can buy 3 ASD in exchange for 1 USD, and - just for a moment, assume that - he can sell them tomorrow for 2 USD, he's going to make a tidy little profit of on what is widely known as the Foreign Exchange (Forex) Market. But why will the price of 3 ASD jump from 1 USD to 2 USD? Because of the fluctuations in the demand and supply of various currencies in the forex market.

Foreign Currency Trading Basics

Firstly, let me explain why the price of the ASD is going up. The forex market works on the old demand-supply model. This means that if the supply of one currency is less (in this case the ASD) and the demand for it is high, then the currency is going to command a higher price in the forex trading market. Now Mr. Y must have done some very detailed research into the expected demand for the ASD before he came to the conclusion that since the demand will increase tomorrow, he can buy it today for a lower price and make a profit tomorrow. Roughly speaking, the forex market too works like the stock market. Say you are holding the shares of Shell on the stock exchange, and if Shell finds some serious quantity oil, then the price of the shares will shoot up and the current holders of shares of Shell will make a good profit. Similarly, if the price of a currency is expected to rise in the near future, one could buy the currency and then sell it at a higher price.

Now let us look at some basic terms used in currency trading and their meanings.

Bid/Ask: In the forex market, there are two prices. One is called the 'bid' price and the other is called the 'ask' price. For example, as of writing this article, the price of a EUR/USD (one Euro to US dollars) was 1.4161/65. Out of these two the 'bid' price is the lower one (1.4161) and is the dollar price that the person who wants to buy the Euro is quoting i.e. he is offering to buy 1 Euro in exchange for .4161. The second number (1.4165) is the price that the holder of the Euro is 'asking' i.e. the person who is holding the Euro is demanding 1.4165 dollars in exchange for the 1 Euro.

Pip: A pip (price interest point) is the incremental move which one currency makes over the other. In the previous example, we took the EUR/USD to be 1.4161, if the bidder ups his bid to 1.4165 to match the asker's rate, then it is said that there was a move of 4 pips. If the currency prices are more disparate - like in the case of GBP/INR, (English Pound to Indian Rupee) if it moves up from 78.86 to 78.92 it is still a jump of 6 pips. Pips are calculated on the last two digits on the right of the decimal point.

Why Does the Demand for a Currency Increase/Decrease?

Since the price of the currency is largely dependent on the demand for it, we need to understand what causes the shifts in the demand while learning the currency trading basics. By knowing what are the causes of the changes in demand, we can taken an informed decision on whether or not to buy currency or sell the currency we have in hand. The number of factors which influence the demand are GDP, inflation and interest rates, trade agreements between the countries whose currency is being traded, budget plans, budget deficits, how the national stock market is doing and overall economic and political soundness of the country. For example, suppose the capital market of an emerging market like Brazil is doing rather well. And the nation is earning a substantial GDP and there are no political troubles whatsoever. In such a case, Brazil will be viewed as a potential target for multinationals to invest in. The Brazilian stock market will also come under the radar of foreign institutional investors. Hence, to invest in Brazil and Brazilian companies, one will need Brazilian currency. So the Brazilian currency will be in great demand. This drives the price of the Brazilian Real higher.

So these were the basics of currency trading. Currency market is a highly speculative market and one needs to do a very detailed research before buying currency, in order to make a profit.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/currency-trading-articles/currency-trading-tips-2526690.html

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June 18th, 2011

Where To Exchange Money Bangkok

Bangkok: By plane - Bangkok ...

Buy a Property in Bangkok the Recommended Way

Author: Amelie Mag

Bangkok is one of the most visited cities in the whole world and more and more people who visit it are willing to buy a property in Bangkok.

Foreigners who are interested in Bangkok real estate investing must be familiar with property laws in Thailand, if they do not want to have an unpleasant surprise. Anyone can buy a unit in a condominium, but foreigners cannot own free land and houses. According to a Thai rule, foreigners can buy only a certain percentage from the total area of the condominium, in a proportion that does not exceed 49% of all the units in the condominium. A local real estate agent can tell you if you fulfill the necessary conditions in order to buy a unit of a condominium or rent a property in Bangkok.

You can make a good idea about the local market if you resort to an experienced local agent, who knows his or her business. Thus, you will not have to worry about any failure of your Bangkok real estate investing, since such an investment will bring you the expected long-term profit. The commercial real estates have exploded these last years and Bangkok real estate investing can turn out to be tricky, if you do not have a well-thought plan. Anyone can rent a property in Bangkok, but the success of the investment does not offer a guarantee as long as a team of experts has not advised you.

Bangkok real estate investing is not only about buying or renting the desired property in Bangkok. Apart from the money that you will spend on renting or buying, there will also be other operating expenses. The maintenance fee of the property you buy or rent faces charging by the month. The owners will decide the amount of money to pay. Furthermore, if you own a property in Bangkok, you will have to pay a property tax that varies according to the estimated value of the property.

Finding a licensed Bangkok property Real Estate Agent is not an easy task, because, just like in other cities, there are always many unauthorized agents who are looking forward to trick you into buying their inadequately constructed properties. Before you buy a property in Bangkok, it is very important to verify that the agency has a license and that they come with good recommendations. Remember that the success of your Bangkok real estate investing lies in his /her hands and you should not shy away from asking for recommendations.

In addition, it is also recommended to consult with a local attorney about possible pitfalls as well as other miscellaneous laws that are applicable to foreigners. For those foreigners wanting to buy a property in Bangkok, it is also pertinent to check out the new areas that are developing quickly. For instance, the train transportations (BTS) is quickly being developed and cause the real estate to increase quite rapidly in areas that were not popular before. Bangkok is a place that is worth investing in, but do not expect any short-term profitable results. In the end, the money you have spent on the property will pay off – you only need to start with a long-term goal.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/finance-articles/buy-a-property-in-bangkok-the-recommended-way-256881.html

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We can provide you with the best alternatives when it comes to Bangkok real estate investing. Solicit the skill of a professional Buy a Property in Bangkok and you will find the worth of your investment.



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